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Dimensions of Software Architecture: Balancing Concerns

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Software Architecture Software Architecture Technical Debt Maintainability Scalability Performance

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Dimensions of Software Architecture
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Call these “Architectural Concern Categories” or “Dimensions of Software Architecture” or “Axes of Architectural Design” it is your choice. Here I am referring them as Dimensions of Software Architecture. They are extremely important for any software solution creator or software product maker. In this article we are trying to understand these dimensions. I am aware there is some overlapping between these terms.

Execution Models
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How your code runs: in sequence, in parallel, or in reaction to events.

  • Synchronous: Step-by-step, blocking (print(read_file()))
  • Asynchronous: Non-blocking (await fetch())
  • Concurrent: Tasks progress together (threading, asyncio)
  • Parallel: Truly simultaneous (multiprocessing)
  • Event-driven: React to events (onclick, Node.js)
  • Reactive : A model where the system reacts to inputs (data/events) as they come in.
  • Event-driven : System behavior is determined by events or messages.
  • Blocking / Non-blocking : Whether a thread waits (blocks) or not when performing an operation (like I/O).
  • Multi-threaded : Uses multiple threads of execution.
  • Single-threaded : Only one thread handles all operations (e.g., Node.js with event loop).
  • Actor model : Independent actors communicate via message passing (e.g., Erlang, Akka).
  • Coroutine-based : Lightweight cooperative threads (e.g., Python asyncio, Go routines).

Communication Patterns
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How components talk to each other.

  • Request-Response: Client-server (HTTP REST)
  • Pub-Sub: Send and forget (Kafka, MQTT)
  • Message Queue: Tasks queued (RabbitMQ)
  • Streaming: Continuous flow (WebSocket, gRPC stream)
  • RESTful APIs : HTTP-based stateless communication.
  • gRPC : High-performance RPC using Protocol Buffers.
  • WebSockets : Bi-directional communication over a single TCP connection.
  • Polling / Long Polling : Repeated or extended HTTP requests to simulate real-time communication.
  • Shared Memory : Threads/processes access common memory space (risky but fast).
  • Remote Procedure Call (RPC) : Directly invoke methods across networks.
  • Signal / Slot : Observer-based pattern used in GUIs or reactive systems.

Architectural Styles
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High-level design structure of a system.

  • Monolithic: All-in-one (Django app)
  • Layered: Separate tiers (MVC, 3-tier)
  • Microservices: Small independent services (Netflix)
  • Event-driven architecture: Events trigger behavior (e-commerce order placed)
  • Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) : Services communicate over a network, often with an enterprise service bus (ESB).
  • Serverless : Logic is deployed as short-lived functions (e.g., AWS Lambda).
  • Client-Server : Traditional model with a requesting client and responding server.
  • Peer-to-Peer (P2P) : Every node is both a client and server.
  • Hexagonal (Ports & Adapters) : Decouples core logic from external systems via interfaces.
  • Clean Architecture : Emphasizes separation of concerns and independence of frameworks/UI.
  • Onion Architecture : Similar to Clean Architecture, with concentric layers.
  • Microkernel / Plugin : Core system extended via plugins (e.g., IDEs).
  • Pipeline / Filter : Data passes through a sequence of processing steps.
  • Blackboard Architecture : Components contribute to and draw from a shared data structure.
  • CQRS (Command Query Responsibility Segregation) : Separate read and write models.
  • Event Sourcing : Store changes as a sequence of events.
  • Saga Pattern : Handle long-running distributed transactions.
  • Circuit Breaker : Prevent failure propagation in microservices.
  • Strangler Fig Pattern : Gradually replace a legacy system.
  • Bulkhead Pattern : Isolate failures in one part of a system.
  • Sidecar Pattern : Attach helper services to main service (common in service mesh).

Deployment & Runtime Models
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How and where the system runs.

  • Containers: Lightweight runtime (Docker)
  • Serverless: No server management (AWS Lambda)
  • Orchestrated/Cloud-native: Designed for cloud (Kubernetes)
  • Edge Computing : Computation close to the data source (IoT, CDN).

Scalability & Availability
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How the system handles load and stays online.

  • Load balancing: Distribute requests (Nginx)
  • Replication: Data copies (MongoDB replica set)
  • Sharding: Split data (Cassandra)
  • Auto-scaling: Elastic capacity (AWS EC2 Auto Scaling)
  • Horizontal Scaling : Add more machines.
  • Vertical Scaling : Add more resources to existing machine.
  • High Availability : System remains available despite failures.

Data Handling & Consistency
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How data is stored and kept accurate.

  • ACID: Reliable DB transactions (PostgreSQL)
  • BASE: Eventually consistent (Cassandra)
  • CQRS: Read/write separation
  • Event Sourcing: Store change events (Kafka log)

Resilience & Fault Tolerance
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How the system recovers from failure.

  • Retry: Try again on failure
  • Circuit Breaker: Stop failing requests (Netflix Hystrix)
  • Fallback: Backup response logic
  • Failover : Automatic switching to backup systems.

Security Boundaries
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How the system protects itself and data.

  • Authentication: Identity check (OAuth)
  • Authorization: Access control (JWT, RBAC)
  • TLS/SSL: Encryption in transit

Modularity & Extensibility
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How easily the system can evolve.

  • Plugin system: Add-on features
  • Inversion of Control (IoC): Framework calls your code (Spring)
  • Dependency Injection: Inject components

Observability & Monitoring
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How the system is monitored and debugged.

  • Logging: App logs (loguru, winston)
  • Metrics: Numbers to track (Prometheus)
  • Tracing: Flow tracking (OpenTelemetry)

Dev & Release Lifecycle
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How the system is built, tested, and released.

  • CI/CD: Automated build/deploy (GitHub Actions)
  • Blue-Green Deployment: Zero downtime switch
  • Canary Release: Small rollout

Orthogonal Concepts
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  • Scalability : Ability to grow with load.
  • Resilience : Ability to recover from failure.
  • Observability : System visibility through logging, tracing, and metrics.
  • Maintainability : Ease of making changes over time.
  • Security-by-Design : Security considered from the outset.
  • Idempotency : Repeated operations produce the same result.
  • Stateless vs Stateful : Whether or not a component retains memory of previous interactions.
Dr. Hari Thapliyaal's avatar

Dr. Hari Thapliyaal

Dr. Hari Thapliyal is a seasoned professional and prolific blogger with a multifaceted background that spans the realms of Data Science, Project Management, and Advait-Vedanta Philosophy. Holding a Doctorate in AI/NLP from SSBM (Geneva, Switzerland), Hari has earned Master's degrees in Computers, Business Management, Data Science, and Economics, reflecting his dedication to continuous learning and a diverse skill set. With over three decades of experience in management and leadership, Hari has proven expertise in training, consulting, and coaching within the technology sector. His extensive 16+ years in all phases of software product development are complemented by a decade-long focus on course design, training, coaching, and consulting in Project Management. In the dynamic field of Data Science, Hari stands out with more than three years of hands-on experience in software development, training course development, training, and mentoring professionals. His areas of specialization include Data Science, AI, Computer Vision, NLP, complex machine learning algorithms, statistical modeling, pattern identification, and extraction of valuable insights. Hari's professional journey showcases his diverse experience in planning and executing multiple types of projects. He excels in driving stakeholders to identify and resolve business problems, consistently delivering excellent results. Beyond the professional sphere, Hari finds solace in long meditation, often seeking secluded places or immersing himself in the embrace of nature.

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